Bronchiolitis in Infants and Children: A Comprehensive Review
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DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61705/ev13zq02Keywords:
Bronchiolitis, Tachypnea, Wheezing, Hypoxemia, Preterm infantsAbstract
Bronchiolitis is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness in children under 24 months, characterized by viral-induced inflammation of small airways. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains the predominant etiologic agent, though rhinovirus and other pathogens contribute. Pathogenesis involves epithelial damage, mucus plugging, and airway obstruction, with clinical manifestations including tachypnea, wheezing, and hypoxemia. Management focuses on supportive care, with severity stratification guiding interventions ranging from outpatient monitoring to intensive care. Despite its self-limited nature, severe disease disproportionately affects preterm infants and those with comorbidities. Emerging evidence highlights long-term associations with recurrent wheezing and asthma. Prevention strategies include RSV immunoprophylaxis (nirsevimab/palivizumab) and vaccination. This review synthesizes current evidence on pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcomes, emphasizing evidence-based practices and unresolved controversies.
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